IAF Squadrons Explained: Roles, Aircraft, Nicknames, and Legendary Operations

An IAF squadron is a frontline operational unit, typically comprising 16–18 aircraft. These squadrons are the backbone of the air force, executing a myriad of roles ranging from air superiority and ground attack to transport and reconnaissance. Each squadron operates under one of the five IAF commands: Western, Eastern, Southern, Central, or South Western, and is stationed at various Air Force Stations (AFS) across India.

IAF squadrons are equipped with a diverse array of aircraft, each tailored to specific operational needs:

• Fighter Squadrons: Tasked with air superiority and ground attack missions, these squadrons operate aircraft like the Su-30MKI, MiG-29, and the indigenous Tejas. For instance, No. 28 Squadron, known as the ‘First Supersonics’, operates the MiG-29 and is stationed at Adampur AFS in Punjab.
  
• Transport Squadrons: Responsible for logistical support, these squadrons operate aircraft such as the AN-32 and C-130J Super Hercules. No. 48 Squadron, nicknamed ‘Camels’, is renowned for its operations in challenging terrains, such as the Siachen Glacier, and has been pivotal in missions like Operation Cactus.
  
• Helicopter Squadrons: Providing tactical mobility and support in varied terrains, these units operate helicopters like the Mi-17 and Dhruv, facilitating troop movements, casualty evacuations, and disaster relief operations.

The fighter squadrons of the IAF form the frontline of India’s defence, maintaining 24x7 readiness for both offensive and defensive missions. Their aircraft—ranging from the indigenously built Tejas to the formidable Rafale and Su-30MKI—cover a wide spectrum of roles: interception, ground attack, precision strike, and reconnaissance.

These squadrons have flown into glory in every major conflict—from the 1965 and 1971 wars to the Kargil operations. The No. 17 Golden Arrows and No. 7 Battle Axes, for instance, scripted aerial history with precision strikes in mountainous terrain.

Behind every fighter’s roar stands the quiet efficiency of the transport fleet. These squadrons move troops, supplies, and relief materials across India’s vast geography—from the icy Himalayas to the deserts of Rajasthan and the islands of Andaman and Nicobar.

These aircraft often double as lifelines during disasters, delivering food, medicines, and rescue teams where roads fail. The C-130J Super Hercules and C-17 Globemaster have also flown countless humanitarian missions, both in India and abroad.

Helicopters remain indispensable for the IAF, especially in India’s mountainous terrain. From ferrying supplies to rescuing stranded soldiers at dizzying altitudes, these squadrons showcase unparalleled adaptability.

The Siachen Pioneers and Hovering Angels deserve special mention for their daring missions on the world’s highest battlefield, where every landing is a test of human and machine endurance.

Beyond combat, the IAF maintains a strong focus on training and surveillance, ensuring its pilots remain among the world’s best.

In 1965, tensions between India and Pakistan escalated over the Kashmir region. Pakistan initiated Operation Gibraltar, aiming to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir. In response, India launched Operation Vijay to assert control over the region. The IAF played a pivotal role by providing air support to ground forces, conducting strikes on enemy airfields, and engaging in aerial combat. The operation culminated in a stalemate, with both nations agreeing to a ceasefire brokered by the United Nations.

In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot to assert control over the Siachen Glacier, the world's highest battlefield. The IAF's involvement was crucial, as it provided airlift capabilities to transport troops and supplies to the glacier's inhospitable terrain. Additionally, the IAF conducted aerial reconnaissance and provided logistical support, ensuring the success of the operation and India's strategic presence in the region.

Operation Poomalai was a humanitarian mission undertaken by the IAF in 1987 to deliver supplies to the Tamil Eelam movement in Sri Lanka. The IAF's transport aircraft dropped food and medical supplies to besieged Tamil civilians in Jaffna, demonstrating India's commitment to humanitarian causes. The operation, however, strained relations with Sri Lanka due to its political implications.

In 1988, a coup attempt in the Maldives by mercenaries backed by Sri Lankan Tamil militants threatened the democratically elected government. India responded swiftly by launching Operation Cactus, deploying transport aircraft to airlift Indian troops to the Maldives. The IAF's rapid response neutralised the threat, restored the government, and showcased India's regional influence and commitment to its neighbours' security.

The Kargil War of 1999 saw Pakistan's intrusion into the Kargil and Drass sectors of Jammu and Kashmir. In response, India launched Operation Safed Sagar, with the IAF playing a pivotal role. The IAF conducted precision strikes on enemy positions, provided close air support to ground troops, and targeted supply lines, significantly degrading the adversary's capabilities. The operation culminated in India regaining control over the territories, marking a significant victory.

In 2025, following the Pahalgam attack that resulted in the loss of 26 lives, India launched Operation Sindoor as a response to cross-border terrorism emanating from Pakistan. The IAF executed precision airstrikes on terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The operation led to significant degradation of terrorist capabilities, with reports indicating the downing of multiple Pakistani aircraft, underscoring India's resolve against terrorism.

During the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, the Indian Army faced challenges in crossing the Meghna River to advance towards Dhaka. The IAF's helicopter units played a crucial role by airlifting troops and equipment across the river, establishing a heli bridge. This strategic manoeuvre facilitated the Army's advance, leading to the eventual fall of Dhaka and the creation of Bangladesh.

In the same conflict, the IAF conducted a daring airdrop operation in Tangail, East Pakistan. Paratroopers were dropped behind enemy lines, disrupting Pakistani forces and creating confusion. This operation significantly contributed to the rapid advance of Indian and Mukti Bahini forces, hastening the end of the conflict.

In 2013, devastating floods struck the Indian state of Uttarakhand, leaving thousands stranded. The IAF launched Operation Rahat, conducting rescue and relief operations. Helicopters were deployed to evacuate stranded individuals, deliver essential supplies, and provide medical aid. The operation saved numerous lives and showcased the IAF's humanitarian capabilities.

Following the catastrophic earthquake in Nepal in 2015, India launched Operation Maitri to provide immediate relief. The IAF's transport aircraft and helicopters were deployed to deliver food, water, medical supplies, and rescue teams. The operation not only provided critical assistance but also strengthened Indo-Nepal relations, highlighting India's commitment to regional stability.

In 2016, civil unrest in South Sudan endangered Indian nationals working there. India launched Operation Sankat Mochan to evacuate its citizens. The IAF's transport aircraft airlifted civilians to safety, demonstrating India's diplomatic reach and commitment to protecting its citizens abroad.

In 2017, the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh prompted India to launch Operation Insaniyat. The IAF provided humanitarian aid, including food, medical supplies, and shelter materials, to the refugees. The operation enhanced India's stature as a compassionate neighbour in the international community.

Following the Pulwama terror attack in 2019, India launched Operation Bandar, a surgical strike targeting terrorist training camps in Balakot, Pakistan. The IAF's Mirage 2000 aircraft dropped precision-guided munitions, destroying the camps and sending a strong message against cross-border terrorism.

In 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine led to a humanitarian crisis. India launched Operation Ganga to evacuate its citizens stranded in Ukraine. The IAF's transport aircraft conducted multiple sorties to bring back thousands of students and workers, demonstrating India's commitment to its diaspora and showcasing its diplomatic agility.

In 2023, a devastating earthquake struck Turkey and Syria. India launched Operation Dost to provide immediate relief. The IAF's transport aircraft and helicopters delivered medical aid, rescue teams, and essential supplies to the affected regions. The operation reinforced India's position as a global humanitarian leader.

These operations underscore the Indian Air Force's multifaceted role, extending beyond combat to include humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and strategic interventions. Each mission reflects the IAF's adaptability, professionalism, and unwavering commitment to national and regional security.

The IAF is in a phase of modernisation, phasing out older aircraft and inducting newer platforms:

• MiG-21: The iconic MiG-21, which served as the backbone of the IAF for decades, was officially retired on September 26, 2025. Despite its contributions, it faced criticism due to safety concerns, earning the nickname "flying coffin".

• Tejas: The indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas is being inducted to replace the MiG-21. With enhanced capabilities and advanced avionics, Tejas is poised to be the future of IAF squadrons.

• Rafale and Su-30MKI: These advanced multi-role fighters augment the IAF's strike and air superiority capabilities, ensuring a formidable presence in the region.

IAF squadrons are not just operational units; they embody India's aerial might, resilience, and commitment to safeguarding the nation's skies. From their rich histories and unique nicknames to their participation in legendary operations, these squadrons continue to inspire generations. As the IAF transitions to modern platforms, the legacy of its squadrons remains a testament to their enduring spirit and dedication.

Also read: The Indian Air Force: A Brief History and its Glorious Journey